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Organic Coatings Part 5: Adhesion Testing: Methods, Benefits, and Standards - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest blog post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings Adhesion testing is a critical process in evaluating the performance of coatings, ensuring that they can withstand both environmental and mechanical stress. Poor adhesion can lead to premature coating failure, reducing the lifespan of a product or structure. To prevent such issues, various methods are used […]
Organic Coatings Part Four: Adhesion Promoters for Thermoset Coatings - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest blog post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings High performance thermoset coatings are used in a variety of applications, from marine to protective and industrial applications. One of the key components for success of these coatings is adhesion to a variety of substrates, which is facilitated using adhesion promoters. These specialized chemicals play a […]
Organic Coatings: Part Thee, Understanding Wetting Agents - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest blog post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings In industrial protective and marine coatings, having a smooth uniform finish is critical to performance attributes such as corrosion protection, discharge of viscous cargoes and cleanability for internal coatings. One crucial component in ensuring this is the use of wetting agents. These additives play a vital […]
Organic Coatings Part Two: Managing Bubbles and Foams - The Role of Anti-Foam Agents - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings When it comes to high-quality coatings, whether they’re for industrial applications, consumer products, or architectural finishes, one issue that can significantly impact performance and appearance is foam. Foaming in coatings can lead to defects like poor surface finish, inconsistent application, and compromised durability. The foam can be […]
Organic Coatings: Part One, Introduction to Polymeric Coatings - Polymer Innovation Blog
Organic coatings are used in multiple applications, many we are aware of, such as paints and some most people are unaware of such as in aluminum interior can coatings. For the sake of clarity, all the coatings discussed in this series will be organic-based and may be referred to simply as “coatings.” Coatings are generally […]
Thermoset Re-use and Recycling – Part Seven - Polymer Innovation Blog
The previous post described the chemistry and formulations using Recyclamine® hardeners. This post will discuss the process to chemically remove the cured network from the glass fabric reinforcement. Dubey et. al., describes the details of a formulation specifically designed for wet lay-up resin transfer molding RTM [1]. The recyclable RTM formulation was used to produce […]
Thermoset Re-use and Recycling – Part Six - Polymer Innovation Blog
The previous five posts discussed the end-of-life considerations using thermosets with covalently adaptive networks termed vitrimers. The next two posts will cover the chemical degradation approach to thermoset recycling. As shown schematically in Figure 1, there are multiple approaches to degrade fully cured thermoset networks. Figure 1. Schematic of chemical degradation methods for recycling [1] […]
Thermoset Re-use and Recycling – Part Five - Polymer Innovation Blog
In previous posts, the chemistry, and viscoelastic properties of vitrimers were presented. This post will discuss how vitrimers can be used in production to form thermoset parts/composites that can be reprocessed at end-of-life. For a network that contains covalent adaptive networks, as the temperature increases, exchange reactions such as transesterification in epoxy anhydride networks can […]
Thermoset Re-use and Recycling – Part Four - Polymer Innovation Blog
The previous post described the work of Liebler [1] who showed both epoxy carboxylic acid networks and epoxy anhydride networks contained covalent adaptive networks that underwent transesterification reactions at elevated temperatures (i.e. vitrimers). The unique discovery in both epoxy systems was the viscoelastic behavior at elevated temperatures. Vitrimers are covalently bonded crosslinked networks. These networks […]
Thermoset Re-use and Recycling – Part Three - Polymer Innovation Blog
The last post introduced vitrimers. This post will provide more detailed information regarding the chemistry of the covalent adaptive networks in vitrimers. In Leibler’s pioneering work, the cured network contained a covalent adaptive network (CAN). Figure 1. Schematic approach to vitrimers [1] In Figure 1, there are two types of covalent adaptive networks (CANs): associative […]
Thermoset Re-use and Recycling – Part Two - Polymer Innovation Blog
There are many emerging approaches to chemically recycling thermoset resins. This post will present an overview of the current approaches to address the end-of-life considerations in thermoset materials. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the various approaches used to address the thermoset recycling challenge. Figure 1. High level chemical recycling pathways [1] The upper portion […]
Thermoset Re-use and Recycling – Part One - Polymer Innovation Blog
This post is part one of a multiple part series on the topic of end-of-life considerations for thermosets. There is currently a lot of discussion in the press regarding recycling, ocean plastic, littering, and other considerations regarding how to handle plastics after their original use. This series will focus only on thermosets, which up until […]
Upcoming Posts - Polymer Innovation Blog
It’s been a while since new content was added to the blog. Starting next Monday, I will start a new series on Thermoset Re-use and Recycling. The posts will discuss some of the emerging trends in vitrimers and chemical recycling. Subsequently, I will return to discussions around polymers in electronics, specifically low Dk/Df polymers for 5G […]
Toughening Thermosets with Block Copolymers - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings Previous blog posts on toughening have looked at the need for tougheners in thermosets, the two main toughening technologies, RLP and coreshell particles, along with methods of how to measure toughness and typical increases in toughness with RLP and coreshell particles. In this blog post we will […]
Measuring the Toughness of Thermosets - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings Now that we have looked at the theory of toughening thermosets with second phase tougheners along with the two most common tougheners (RLP and coreshell particles) let’s look at how we measure the toughness of thermosets. There are several different methods to measure the toughness of thermosets, […]
Toughening Thermosets with Coreshell Particles - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings The previous two blog posts have looked at both the fundamentals of toughening thermosets as well as one of the most common technologies used to toughen thermosets – Reactive Liquid Polymers and CTBN. In this blog post, we’ll look at toughening thermosets with coreshell particles. Coreshell particles […]
Professional Development Course at IMAPS-San Diego - Polymer Innovation Blog
Join me at the IMAPS International Symposium on Microelectronics in October. I will be presenting a Professional Development Course on: Polymers for Wafer Level Packaging Monday, October 2 at 10:30 AM. Course Description The course has been completely updated to include a detailed discussion of the polymers and polymer-related processing for Fan-Out Wafer Level (FOWLP) […]
Toughening Thermosets with Reactive Liquid Polymers - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings In the previous blog post, we explored the reasons why thermosets benefit from the addition of second phase tougheners. One of the most successful and widely used forms of second phase tougheners is Reactive Liquid Polymers, or RLP. RLP can be any polymer that is low enough […]
The Need for Tougheners in Thermosets - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings Thermosets such as epoxies, vinyl esters, cyanate esters, and benzoxazines give excellent properties such as chemical and thermal resistance, dimensional stability, high modulus and good adhesion to a variety of substrates. These properties are in part due to the crosslink density of the thermoset, where in general […]
Beyond Epoxy: High Performance Thermosets Part Six – Cyanate Esters for Electronic Packaging Applications - Polymer Innovation Blog
This is the final post in this series on high performance thermosetting polymers. This post discussed the use of specialized cyanate esters for high performance electronic packaging applications. Dicyanate resins are versatile thermosets and have been used in a wide variety of applications. For example, RTX-366 (Hunstman Chemical), shown in Figure 1, is a high […]
Beyond Epoxy: High Performance Thermosets Part Five, Electronic Packaging - Polymer Innovation Blog
The previous post covered an introduction to cyanate ester thermosetting resins. This post will discuss the main applications of cyanate ester thermosets. In the 1980’s the main applications for cyanate esters were in electronic applications. Specifically, cyanate esters were used in high performance circuit boards and semiconductor substrates. The substrate technical drivers are: Lower coefficient […]
Beyond Epoxy: High Performance Thermosets Part Four – Cyanate Esters - Polymer Innovation Blog
The previous posts in this series covered various types of bismaleimide resins and formulations. The next three posts will discuss cyanate ester resins and formulated products. Dicyanate resins, alternatively known as cyanate ester resins, describes both a family of monomers and oligomers with reactive cyanate end groups on an aromatic ring and the resulting cured […]
Beyond Epoxy: High Performance Thermosets Part Three - Liquid Bismaleimides - Polymer Innovation Blog
The previous two posts covered aromatic BMI resins and curing mechanisms leading to highly crosslinked and high Tg thermosets. Another important class of bismaleimides are liquid bismaleimides. Liquid BMIs with long-chain aliphatic structures between the maleimide groups are used for low modulus, low Tg, high flexibility applications. For electronic applications, BMIs have made a significant […]
Beyond Epoxy: High Performance Thermosets Part Two - Bismaleimide Cure Chemistry - Polymer Innovation Blog
This post is part two in a series on high performance thermosets and will cover aromatic bismaleimide curing chemistry. Bismaleimides are thermosetting polyimides that cure by addition reactions that avoid formation of volatiles. Unlike condensation polyimides (such as DuPont Kapton® or Ube Upilex®) where the polymerization mechanism results in the evolution of volatiles (mainly water) […]
Beyond Epoxy: High Performance Thermosets Part One - Polymer Innovation Blog
Epoxies have been a workhorse in the thermoset industry for decades. They offer a compelling cost/performance benefit in many applications. This blog post series will cover other high performance thermosetting resins such as bismaleimides and cyanate esters. Bismaleimides can be aliphatic such as used in high performance electronic adhesive systems or be aromatic where they […]
Accelerators for Amine Curing Agents - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest Post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings Amine curing agents are still considered the largest class of curing agents for epoxy resins, and they are often used in demanding applications that require fast return to service or curing in less than ideal environments, such as very low temperatures. While there are some amine structures […]
Accelerators for Anhydride Cured Epoxies - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest Post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings Anhydride curing agents for epoxies are a popular choice amongst formulators because they give the final cured formulation very high thermal properties along with excellent electrical properties, and their high use level and low viscosity allow them to be used in applications requiring this low viscosity, such […]
Accelerators for Latent Epoxy Curing Agents - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest Post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings Latent curing agents for epoxy resins allow for the creation of stable one component formulations used in adhesives and composites that have outstanding high temperature and mechanical properties. In order to activate the latent curing agents, heat is required to initiate the reaction. Industrial processes however are […]
New Book Chapter - Polymer Innovation Blog
I am pleased to announce that Dr. Gotro and Dr. Prime have recently published a book chapter in the ASM Handbook. Characterization of Thermosetting Resins and Polymers By: Jeffrey Gotro and R. Bruce Prime The chapter is available at ASM Handbooks Online. Click here to access This article discusses the most common thermal analysis methods […]
Happy New Year! - Polymer Innovation Blog
Best Wishes for a Safe and Prosperous 2023! We have a number of blog posts upcoming in early 2023. Back by popular demand will be Jeremy Pasatta who will cover accelerators for epoxy curing. Jeremy authored a popular series on epoxy hardeners in late 2022. I will have a series of posts on “Beyond Epoxies: […]
Epoxy Curing Agents - Bio-based Hardeners - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest Post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings One of the largest drivers of new product development for thermosets, and in particular epoxies, is sustainability, and the curing agents for epoxies are no exception. Today there are a variety of biobased curing agents for epoxy resins, and perhaps the most widely known and utilized are […]
Dielectric Cure Monitoring Part Six: What to Know about AC and DC Cure Monitoring - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest Post by Huan Lee, Lambient Technologies Both AC and DC measurements can probe the cure state of thermosets and composites, and it is important to understand their characteristics when deciding which to use. Dielectric cure monitoring, also called Dielectric Analysis (DEA) is an AC technique that excites a sensor with a sinusoidal signal of […]
Epoxy Curing Agents – Latent Curing Agents for One Component Systems - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest Post by Jeremy Pasatta, Advanced Polymer Coatings All the epoxy curing agents in the last set of blog posts (amines, mercaptans and anhydrides) required mixing of the epoxy with the curing agent just prior to curing and are therefore considered two component formulations. The common element between all these curing agents is that they […]
Epoxy Curing Agents – Mercaptans, The Ultimate Quick Ambient Cure - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest Post by Jeremy Pasatta, Huntsman Corporation In the last two blog posts we looked at amines as curing agents for epoxies, and one downside of amines is that they can take up to a couple of hours to cure at ambient temperature depending on the structure, with the fastest amines still only curing in […]
Epoxy Curing Agents – Anhydrides, Long Pot Life and Exceptional Properties - Polymer Innovation Blog
Guest Post by Jeremy Pasatta, Huntsman Corporation In the last three blog posts, we investigated the use of amines and mercaptans as curing agents for epoxy resins, and in general these curatives gave moderate properties through room temperature reactions. But what if you needed higher chemical and thermal resistance than what was capable with an […]