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The study of history is essential to understanding the human experience. By investigating the past, we can learn about the present and prepare for the future. The Roman Empire was one of the most influential empires in world history. It dominated Europe and the Mediterranean for over a thousand years. The Ottoman Empire was another great empire that controlled swathes of territory in the Middle East and North Africa. England has also played a major role in world history, particularly during the two World Wars. These are just some of the examples of how different empires have shaped our world.

Farm Bills, Food Allergies, and Football: An Oral History Update | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives

This spring, the Office of the House Historian published oral histories with three unique individuals who helped shape the House during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Two of these interviews were with former Representatives: Vicky Hartzler of Missouri, who served in the House from 2011 to 2023, and Nita M. Lowey of New York, who served in the House for 32 years, from 1989 to 2021. The third interviewee, Gary Hymel, was born in Louisiana and relocated his family to Washington to work as administrative assistant to Representative Thomas Hale Boggs Sr. of Louisiana in 1965.In their respective oral histories, Hartzler, Lowey, and Hymel shared stories of how their hometowns shaped their careers on Capitol Hill and informed their legislative priorities. Understanding their districts and their constituents was central to their approach to lawmaking and advocacy—but this was only the first step in the legislative process.Each interviewee also emphasized the key role interpersonal relationships played in the legislative process—reaching out to constituents and cultivating friendships on Capitol Hill, harnessing these connections to pursue their diverse legislative agendas.For Hartzler, the farm bill, a massive multi-year authorization bill which periodically set agriculture and nutrition policy for the nation, was important for her rural farming district.For Lowey, who chaired the mighty Appropriations Committee, the ability to change packaging labels to ensure consumers were aware of potential food allergies was key.And for Hymel, helping Majority Whip and later Majority Leader Hale Boggs as well as Speaker Thomas P. “Tip” O’Neill Jr. of Massachusetts maneuver bills through the House, including a complicated antitrust exemption for the National Football League, proved invaluable.Together, Hartzler, Lowey, and Hymel unravel the sometimes-complicated process that enabled the House to enact legislation on a diverse range of issues.Representative Vicky Hartzler of Missouri (2011–2023)Vicky Hartzler was born in the small city of Harrisonville, Missouri, in 1960. In her oral history, Hartzler reflected on growing up in rural Missouri—her high school only had 38 students in her graduating class—and how her experience as a state legislator in Jefferson City helped prepare her for Congress. Once elected to the House in 2010, Hartzler was well equipped to work with other Members to help secure legislation that resonated with people throughout her district.To be an effective legislator, Hartzler recalled, she had to understand the needs of her district. She explained that every five years or so, during the drafting of the farm bill, she listened to the communities she represented. Although she could have relied on her personal experience as a farmer, Hartzler took the time to hear from her constituents and learn from them. “I proactively reached out to all the groups,” she recalled, “plus the commodity groups that represent corn, or soybean, or the hogs—pork producers—and cattlemen and things.” Hartzler organized coffee meetings, held tele-town halls, and participated in farm tours. “We take those concerns,” she summarized, “and then during the shaping of that bill, we try to prioritize some of those things.”Identifying the problem was only the beginning. Hartzler next had to work across partisan and regional lines to pass meaningful legislation. Once she arrived on Capitol Hill, Hartzler was pleased to find that the Missouri delegation regularly met to deal with issues affecting the state. “I was surprised that that was going on,” Hartzler admitted, “but it was encouraging too because the Democrats and Republicans and both the Senate and the House side would try to make it a priority, especially when I first got here. And we would focus the conversation mainly on bills that one of us may be working on that dealt with Missouri directly.” By working closely with other Members—from Missouri and elsewhere—Hartzler helped shape the farm bills and draft laws that served the interests of her home state.Representative Nita M. Lowey of New York (1989–2021)Nita M. Lowey was born in the Bronx, New York, in 1937. In 1988, she won election to the House from a district largely representing Westchester County, just north of New York City. During her more than three decades of service, Lowey worked on an array of legislation. In her oral history, Lowey explains how her constituents shaped her service in Congress and how she built relationships with other Members to secure support for her district’s needs.Lowey illustrated how a willingness to work across partisan lines benefited the people in her district, such as when she tried to secure funding for a waterfront development project. “I went to Washington, called for an appointment with Al D’Amato—I had never met him before—and we got along great even though he was a Republican,” Lowey remembered about the longtime New York Senator. “I managed to get funding for the program that would refurbish the waterfront and do other important work in the communities.” During her time in Congress, Lowey became close friends with her colleagues on the House Appropriations Committee, including Rosa L. DeLauro of Connecticut and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi of California. Lowey explained that “when there was a challenge there, the three of us would figure out a strategy and make sure we were successful.”One of Lowey’s proudest achievements resonated with people across America: food labeling. “When I came up with that issue,” Lowey reflected, “I remember working with my colleagues and how important that was for people with food allergies, to know they can go to a store and know what’s in it.” Despite many hurdles, Lowey managed to maneuver a bill through the House. “So every time I go to a store or I meet with groups who have various illnesses,” she fondly recounted, “they still thank me for getting food labeling.”Gary Hymel Administrative Assistant, Representative Hale Boggs of Louisiana and Speaker Thomas P. “Tip” O’Neill Jr. of Massachusetts (1965–1981)Unlike Lowey and Hartzler, Gary Hymel did not move to Washington, DC, after winning a congressional election. Born in Alexandria, Louisiana, in 1933, he arrived on Capitol Hill after his weekly newspaper column in the New Orleans States-Item attracted the attention of Majority Whip Hale Boggs of Louisiana, who offered him a job as his administrative assistant in 1965. Upon Boggs’s untimely death in a plane crash in 1972, Hymel found a place in the office of future Speaker Tip O’Neill. In his oral history, Hymel explains what it was like to work for Boggs and O’Neill and describes how both men wielded power and sought to maneuver legislation through the House.Hymel had the unique experience of working closely with Representatives in House leadership who possessed a deep understanding of the legislative process. A striking case was a bill to provide an antitrust exemption to sanction a proposed merger between the National Football League (NFL) and the American Football League (AFL) in 1966. In his oral history, Hymel provides a detailed explanation of how Boggs’s knowledge of the levers of power in the House helped secure the bill’s passage. Boggs knew that he needed Representative Wilbur Daigh Mills of Arkansas, chair of the Ways and Means Committee and his longtime friend, on his side since the issue dealt with tax and antitrust issues. Mills backed the bill and shortly after it passed, the NFL awarded a team to New Orleans, Louisiana—the home town of Hymel’s boss, Representative Boggs. “And the Saints were born,” Hymel chuckled. Hymel goes on to describe the way Boggs climbed the leadership ladder in the House, rising to the post of Democratic Whip and Democratic Leader by cultivating genuine friendships with other Members.Hymel was also impressed by the fact that even after gaining power Tip O’Neill remained accessible to lawmakers who had trusted him with the responsibility of being Speaker of the House. Once, when a Member inquired with Hymel about making an appointment with the Speaker, Hymel responded, “‘You just walk up to the rostrum and talk to him.’ And he said, ‘You can do that? Back in my state legislature you had to make an appointment.’ Not with Tip. You know, everything was informal.”Hartzler, Lowey, and Hymel all attest to the importance of teamwork and trust in the legislative process. Only by working together could legislators from distant regions address food allergies and farm bills and enact legislation that enabled the sport of football to flourish. As Lowey poignantly noted: “I will always be grateful not just for the work but for the friendships with other extraordinary women and men with whom I served. These are people who are committed. They care, and working together, we are an effective team.”This is the first of an ongoing series on recently published oral histories designed to highlight new additions to the House oral history collection.