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Journal of Investigative Dermatology - Health
6 | Follower
998 Serum cytokine and deep immune cell profiling in pyoderma gangrenosum - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Pyoderma Gangrenosum(PG) is an ulcerating neutrophilic dermatosis highly associated with IBD, inflammatory arthritis and monoclonal gammopathy(IgA). Despite linkage with systemic disease, limited data on peripheral inflammatory and tissue-specific mediators exist. We prospectively recruited and collected biospecimens (blood, skin) over 2 years, from patients with ulcers meeting>1 published PG diagnostic framework (Su et al., Maverakis et al., Jockenhöfer et al.; n=32). We performed serum cytokine detection with multiplex proteomics (O-Link, 137 targets), comparing active PG (n=13), healthy controls (HC, n=6) and psoriatic arthritis (n=10).
997 Nucleic acid induced fractalkine expression in human keratinocytes - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Psoriasis is a multifactorial skin disease, caused by the disturbed homeostasis between the innate and adaptive immune cells, consequently leading to hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Cytosolic nucleic acid fragments, recognized as pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns, are highly abundant in psoriatic skin. It is known that psoriatic skin exhibits increased levels of fractalkine (CX3CL1), a chemokine recruiting leukocytes. Our recent large-scale study showed that RNA- and DNA-fragments induce significant transcriptional changes in CX3CL1 expression, thus we aimed to identify the molecular background behind its expression.
994 Effect of dupilumab on the skin mycobiome in atopic dermatitis: A pilot study - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is considered associated with microbial dysbiosis. Dupilumab is effective in improving AD, along with restoring the skin bacterial microbiome, but its effect on the skin mycobiome have not been investigated. In this prospective study, we aim to study the effect of dupilumab on the skin fungal microbiome in patients with AD. Eight adult patients with moderate to severe AD were enrolled. All patients received monotherapy with dupilumab 300 mg every other week, and skin swabs were collected from lesional and nonlesional sites at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16.
996 Targeting the whole of rosacea symptoms with the combination of eriobotrya japonica and myrtus communis leaf extracts - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that mainly affects the face. It characterizes by a symptomatic pattern, involving exacerbated reactivity and impaired microcirculation of the facial dermis. Sudden variations in temperature, food or microbiota can then trigger flushes. Demodex sp. and Substance P (SP) are both specific contributors to the physiopathology of Rosaceae and are involved in inflammatory response and neurovascular dysregulation. The aim of this work was to assess the soothing and anti-redness properties of a combination of dermo-cosmetic ingredients in several in vitro models.
1003 Artemisia naphtha (AN): A novel oil extract effective in several in vivo skin models and modulates the skin microbiome in human subjects - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Artemisia annua is an annual herb used in TCM. We previously demonstrated that a novel oil extract from A. annua powder called artemisia naphtha (AN) possesses several skin benefitting properties. Moreover, 1% AN gel was shown to reduce acne blemishes and the appearance of redness clinically in humans. With AN oil demonstrating an effective activity profile for those with sensitive and/or acne prone skin, we sought to further examine its activity in several in vivo models. Specifically, AN oil was tested in a: 1) Carbotriol-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) model, 2) Imiquimod-induced psoriasis model, 3) C.
992 The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc) - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
MGLSc is an acquired, chronic skin disease that can lead to sexual dysfunction and urological morbidity. Although both MGLSc and HPV are considered risk factors for penile cancer, no clear link has been found between the two. To further investigate the possibility of an association we correlated the presence of MGLSc and HPV across the prepuce. Preputial fresh frozen samples were collected from nine patients with clinically diagnosed MGLSc. The specimens were divided into a grid and biopsies were obtained to determine the spatial distribution of MGLSc and for HPV DNA sequencing.
993 Epidermis-intrinsic N6-methyladenosine modification dampens skin inflammation - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification of mRNA in eukaryotes, and it is involved in various biological and pathological processes. Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) are considered as common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, and both of them feature epidermal acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, infiltration of immune cells as well as dermal changes. To reveal the effect of m6A in keratinocytes (KCs), METTL3, a vital m6A methyltransferase, was specifically knockout in KCs of adult mice, and spontaneous skin inflammation was observed, revealing that METTL3 might be essential for maintaining skin immune homeostasis.
991 In-vivo enhancement of skin microbiota balance and improvements in skin health and beauty with a hylocereus undatus fruit extract - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Skin microbiota, and particularly its diversity and the balance between beneficial and detrimental species, are now well-recognized as playing a key role in skin health and beauty, influencing skin moisture, barrier function, radiance, and luminescence inter alia, and protecting the skin from pathologies. A healthy skin microbiota limits the growth of detrimental species, contributing to radiant and well-hydrated skin. Prebiotics can support the growth of beneficial bacteria, allowing them to outcompete detrimental ones.
995 Sensitive skin microbiota communities highlighted by droplet-based microfluidic method - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Background: Despite the importance of the skin microbiome for skin health, only a few studies in the literature have compared the skin microbiome of normal skin (NS) and sensitive skin (SS). They showed no variations in bacterial diversity indices but shifts in abundance of specific genera were noted in SS. Here, we compared the microbiome from individuals with/without SS at strain level resolution and isolated representative strains in culture to evaluate ingredients. Methods: Face skin swabs from individuals with normal (40) or sensitive skin (33) were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing to study strain-level bacterial diversity, prevalence and abundance.
1000 The impact of the skin microbiome in psoriasis capitis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Human skin is covered with billions of microbes and hosts a diverse community of bacterial, fungal, archaeal, and viral species. Psoriasis is an immune mediated inflammatory disorder with a global prevalence of 2-4%, whereas 75-90% of the patients suffer from psoriasis capitis. An under-studied area is the scalp microbiome and the impact both fungal and bacterial species have on scalp conditions. Our overall objective is to examine how changes in the normal cutaneous microbiome contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis capitis and to find metagenomic biomarkers that explain the differences between microbial communities.
999 Gastrointestinal colonization as a source of staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with nasal and cutaneous colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. However, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has also been shown to represent a major site of colonization, particularly in infants. Interestingly, the age-distributed incidence of AD mirrors that of pediatric S. aureus GI colonization. To quantitate S. aureus colonization in children with AD, we screened for S. aureus nasal, rectal, and skin carriage in 38 children with AD flare and 10 healthy controls.
1022 LYG1, a new cytokine with potential value in candida albicans infection - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Invasive fungal infection, especially invasive Candidiasis, is one of the important causes of the high mortality in immunocompromised patients. Therefore, timely diagnosis and effective treatment for invasive fungal infection is of great importance. Adjuvant immunomodulatory therapies, including cytokine immunotherapy, are becoming promising methods in dealing with invasive fungal infection. However, there are few cytokine-related drugs used for antifungal infection. It is thus necessary to find novel cytokines involved in antifungal immunity, since only few cytokines are used for antifungal infection in clinical practice.
1008 The irreversible pan-caspase inhibitor emricasan is a potential host-directed immunotherapy against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) skin infections in mice - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections. With the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria there is an unmet clinical need to develop immune-based therapies to treat skin infections. Previously, we have shown pan-caspase inhibition as a potential host-directed immunotherapy against MRSA and other bacterial skin infections. Here, we evaluated the role of irreversible pan-caspase inhibitor emricasan alone and in conjugation with a standard-of-care antibiotic, doxycycline, as potential host-directed immunotherapies against bacterial infections in vivo.
1017 MRGPRX2-mediated mast cells activation regulates neutrephil infiltration in the early inflammatory reaction of psoriasis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Psoriasis is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disease. Adaptive immunity plays an important role in psoriasis. Recent studies have confirmed that innate immune is also necessary for psoriasis pathogenesis. The number of mast cells (MCs) has been reported to be significantly increased in psoriatic lesions, which significant activation. However, the mechanism and function of MC activation in psoriasis have not been thoroughly reported. Whether MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), which directly mediates MC activation in many inflammatory disease, is associated with psoriasis early inflammatory reaction has not been elucidated.
1010 IL-15 as a regulator of human skin macrophages and iNKT cells ex vivo and novel therapeutic target in IFNγ-driven inflammatory dermatoses - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a pleiotropic immunomodulatory and anti-apoptotic cytokine. It stimulates the proliferation and survival of key immunocytes including macrophages (MACs) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which are immunoinhibitory via IL-10 release and are clinically relevant in interferon gamma (IFNγ)-mediated inflammatory skin diseases such as alopecia areata. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we have asked in this pilot study how recombinant human (rh) IL-15 impacts MHC class II+ cells, CD68+/CD206+/IL-10+ MACs, and iNKT10+ cells in intact human skin ex vivo under IFNγ-induced inflammatory conditions.
1018 Commensal microbiota regulates hair cycling by promoting dermal adipogenesis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) has been recently recognized as an indispensable deep skin layer with important non-metabolic functions in regulating hair cycling, wound regeneration, and defense against bacterial infection. We have previously shown that bacterial invasion to skin dermis triggers a reactive adipogenesis response, but whether commensal bacteria plays a role in dermal adipogenesis and whether this cross-talk between bacteria and dWAT is involved in hair cycling have not been investigated.
1002 Interactome expertise: Integrative approach to understand seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp and demonstrate the pharmaco-clinical efficacy of a shampoo containing an antifungal association ciclopiroxolamine/piroctone olamine - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic recurrent dermatosis characterized by scaling, pruritus and mild erythema, affecting the scalp. A first pharmaco-clinical study showed significant differences in metabolic pathways between scalp of healthy and SD subjects. These innovative results led us to conduct a new pharmaco-clinical study to follow the evolution of the clinical signs of SD, treated with an original shampoo, in relation to the microbiota and metabolic pathways of the scalp. This 2-stage study was conducted in 41 subjects with mild to moderate SD.
1009 Neutrophil-derived microRNAs as severity markers of psoriasis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
MicroRNA (miRNA)s represent a promising class of small, noncoding RNA molecules that function to regulate post-transcriptional silencing of target genes. We performed comprehensive analysis of miRNA in sera of patients with psoriasis and healthy control. Two miRNAs related to neutrophils were selected, since these miRNAs significantly increased in patients compared to control subjects. The serum levels of these miRNAs were associated with psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) and C-reactive protein levels.
1020 Comprehensive search for therapeutic targets and understanding of fibrosis in hidradenitis suppurativa - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a neutrophilic skin dermatosis characterized by painful chronic inflammation and fistula formation in terminal hair follicles, resulting in tissue-destructive and fibrotic scar formation. Hidradenitis suppurativa is considered to be an autoinflammatory disease like pustular psoriasis and pyoderma gangrenosum. Anti-TNFα and anti-IL-17 preparations are known to be partly effective, however there are some cases in which these drugs are not effective. There are no drugs particularly effective against fibrosis and scarring, since the pathology of fibrosis is not exclusively understood in hidradenitis suppurativa.
1028 Cathelicidin peptide LL37 complexed to dsRNA induces the release of interleukin-36γ from human primary keratinocytes - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Keratinocytes act as a barrier against pathogens and mount an appropriate inflammatory response to clear infection. They release cytokines of the Interleukin-36 (IL-36) family, which induce pleiotropic effects on immune cells. In chronic inflammatory skin disease, increased IL-36 levels have been associated with aberrant innate immune responses. However, little is known about the mechanisms of IL-36 release. Viral agonist Poly(I:C), a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) synthetic analogue, has been previously shown to induce Caspase-3-dependent release of IL-36γ.
1004 Dermal extracellular matrix inhibits mast cell activation to skin commensal bacteria - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Background: Mast cells (MCs) are essential in innate and adaptive immunity; however, strict activation control is critical to prevent unwanted inflammation. The demand for MC regulation is especially important at the skin interface, where MCs remove pathogens but should not react to commensal bacteria (CB). This study demonstrates that, in the skin microenvironment, mast cells (MCs) assume a tolerant phenotype to reduce unnecessary inflammation in contact with beneficial CB via crosstalk with dermal fibroblasts.
1031 Characterization of staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) typically colonizes human skin without clinical manifestations, but establishes a pathogenic infection when normal tissue function is compromised. Adaptation of S. aureus to the host niche requires a network of regulators and virulence factors, with long-term infection potentially contributing to wound chronification and skin cancer development. Given the observation of reduced microbial diversity in the wounds of patients suffering from recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) with an increased abundance of S.
1014 Novel mechanisms underlying Asian atopic dermatitis (AAD) highlight key functional networks in children identified by integrating untargeted skin proteomics and secretome - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
We aimed to decipher the key mechanisms involved in Asian Atopic Dermatitis using untargeted proteomics analysis of non-lesional skin and plasma of Singaporean children. To identify active disease markers we used 3 groups of children at year 10 of age: those with active disease (Active AD, N=20), with history of AD but not current disease (Past AD, N=22) and controls with no history of allergies and AD (Controls, N=29). Skin tape samples were processed by the functional proteomics lab (FPL) using Quad-orbitrap mass spectrometry which resulted in 2468 protein IDs using the UniProt database.
1019 Cutibacterium acnes modulates the Pam3Csk4-induced innate immune responses in human keratinocytes - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Various insults can trigger innate immune activation through pattern recognition receptors(PRRs) in different cell types. These can leave lasting epigenetic changes, and affected cells undergo cellular reprogramming, resulting in altered responsiveness to subsequent encounters. This is an adaptive response of the innate immune system called innate immune memory(IIM). We were interested in whether Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) may initiate similar events in keratinocytes. We used C. acnes for primary training, and after five days of rest, Pam3Csk4 (TLR1/2 agonist) for secondary induction in normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) and HaCaT cells.
1006 Single-cell and spatial architecture of human tissue granulomas reveals an aberrant immune-regulatory program underlying sarcoidosis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Granulomatous disorders include a wide variety of infectious and non-infectious conditions with heterogeneous clinical courses and considerable constraints of affected organs. We take cutaneous sarcoidosis as model disease to acquire new insights into the pathomechanisms of non-infectious granulomas. We combined single-cell and high-dimensional spatial transcriptomics with fluorescently labeled antibody detection for protein expression in granulomatous and non-affected skin from 12 patients with chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis.
1026 NPR1 receptor expression in monocyte-derived langerhans cells - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
The immune system is strongly linked to the nervous system, to the point that in many diseases neuroimmune crosstalk is essential for the development of skin lesions. Inside the epidermis, the only professional antigen-presenting cells capable of initiating adaptive immune responses underlying chronic inflammatory skin diseases under the steady-state are Langerhans cells (LCs). LCs are anatomically associated with neurons that produce neuropeptides, providing a putative mechanism of neuro-immune crosstalk in the epidermal compartment.
1005 Low levels of IL-13 are constitutively produced in healthy skin and locally imprint a pro-type 2 immune response - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
To maintain an immunological balance and an intact skin barrier a number of highly specialized immune cells shape an anti-inflammatory pro-type 2 immune environment that can rapidly expel and entrap multicellular pathogens, neutralize toxins and support wound healing. Previous research has shown that KLF4-expressing dendritic cells are drivers of enhanced type 2 immunity and are highly responsive the TSLP and type 1 interferon signaling. Single-cell profiling of dendritic cells in healthy murine skin showed that KLF4-expression was required by a unique population of dermal dendritic cells that expressed low levels of CD11c and CD11b.
1013 The aspergillus fumigatus cyclase-associated protein gene regulates pathogenesis and voriconazole efficacy against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most pathogenic mold that causing high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. In the study, we presented the first characterization of the cyclase-associated protein (CAP) in A. fumigatus. To study the role of CAP in the pathogenesis and antifungal susceptibility of A. fumigatus, we constructed the CAP gene knockout strain (△CAP) and complemented strain (R-△CAP). △CAP showed reduced growth rate, abnormal hyphae, increased susceptibility to cell wall-perturbing agents (congo red, calcofluor white, and SDS), oxidative stress-inducing agents (H2O2, menadione), calcineurin inhibitors (FK506, CsA), voriconazole (VRC), and itraconazole (ITC).
1001 Gut bacterial sphingolipid production regulates the skin microbiome, skin lipid production and skin barrier homeostasis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
The stratum corneum serves as a critical barrier between the host and its external environment. Rich in ceramides, the stratum corneum is one of the largest sphingolipid reservoirs in the body. Our recent work using a bioorthogonal labeling strategy traced sphingolipids from the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT) to the liver of mice fed with a fat-free/high-sucrose diet and demonstrated a direct transfer of labeled BT-sphingolipid to the liver. Additionally, BT-sphingolipid synthesis ameliorated the fatty-liver phenotype caused by the high-sucrose diet.
1033 CBD modulates human monocyte derived dendritic cell functions - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Dendritic cells (DCs) act as central coordinators of innate and adaptive immunity. Their fundamental function is to take up antigens and present them to T cells, and they therefore function as the main messenger between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recently, there has been an exponential increase in the production and use of Cannabis sativa medicinal products. Phytocannabinoids (cannabinoids derived from the cannabis plant) have been observed to have beneficial effects in several inflammatory disease models.
1032 Characterization of the human scalp hair follicle microbiome reveals differential spatial distribution, abundance and viability of intrafollicular microbiota and modulation of hair growth and metabolism by staphylococcus epidermidis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Dysbiosis of the human hair follicle (HF) is associated with many HF-associated diseases, such as acne vulgaris, hidradenitis suppurativa, and alopecia areata, and selected antibiotics may impact on human hair growth. Yet, the microbiome of human scalp HFs and its functional roles in human HF biology remain poorly characterized. Therefore, we used laser-capture microdissection, shotgun metagenomics (with propidium monoazide [PMA] viability testing) and FISH to generate the first comprehensive human HF microbiome map.
1024 Immune complex-induced haptokinesis in human non-classical monocytes - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Formation and deposition of immune complexes (ICs) are hallmarks of various autoimmune diseases. Detection of ICs by IC receptors on leukocytes induces downstream signaling and shapes the local immune response. In many cases the pathological relevance of ICs is not well understood. We here show that ICs induce a distinct migratory response, i.e., haptokinesis in 6-sulfo LacNAc+ monocytes (slanMo) and in non-classical monocytes (ncMo) but not in intermediate and classical monocytes. Using live imaging combined with automated cell tracking, we show that the main features of IC-dependent haptokinesis are elongation of the cell body, actin polarization at the leading edge, and highly directional migration.
1011 Potent antifungal activity of pentagalloyl glucose against drug-resistant candida albicans, candida auris, and other non-albicans candida species - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
The emergence of antifungal drug-resistance represents a growing threat to public health. New antifungals to address this threat are needed. Among fungal pathogens, infections by drug-resistant Candida species continue to pose a major challenge to healthcare, including in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis. Moreover, infections by the newly emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) Candida auris are noted as being extremely virulent with mortality rates of invasive candidiasis between 35 – 60%. In this study, we sought to isolate and identify a bioactive small molecule that is active against MDR C.
1007 Postbiotic lactobacillus curvatus promotes killing of intracellular staphylococcus aureus in keratinocytes and stimulate wound healing - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
The intracellular bacterial niche has been recently discovered and associated with the wound chronicity. However, therapeutics targeting intracellular wound infections remain largely unexplored. Probiotic lactobacilli are known for their ability to modulate the immune system and exhibit antimicrobial effects against pathogens. Postbiotics, bioactive lysates of probiotics, also show immunomodulating effects while their application minimize the risks associated with live bacteria. Therefore, this study focused on understanding the mechanisms of cutaneous response to postbiotic lactobacilli.
1012 In silico prediction of the targeted killing of S. aureus in coinfections with S. epidermidis in atopic dermatitis lesions - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients commonly face debilitating skin-damaging infections with S. aureus (SA) in lesional skin, where skin commensal S. epidermidis (SE) also resides. This study aims to discover how SA can thrive in admixtures with SE in lesions, even though SE can inhibit SA virulence and kill SA, and investigate if targeted killing of SA could recover the skin barrier integrity, even in coinfections with SE strains recently discovered to cause skin damage. To elucidate emergent behaviours from complex interactions between SA, SE, and the skin barrier, we developed an in silico model of their dynamic interactions based on published data.
1025 Microbial analysis of the skin and intestinal tract in the novel DOHaD model using spontaneous atopic dermatitis mice - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
The developmental origins of health and a disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, which was formulated during the Dutch famine at World War II, provided the first, direct evidence in humans of the lasting consequences of prenatal condition. This concept postulates that the environment during early development in utero, and early post-natal periods may be associated with the development of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. The present study is the first to develop an animal model of atopic dermatitis based on the DOHaD approach.
1015 Immunomodulatory roles of danger-associated molecular patterns in skin inflammation - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Epithelial-immune cell interaction is essential to maintain skin immune homeostasis. Previously, we have shown crucial roles of epithelial-specific NF-kB and cell death pathways in regulating skin inflammation. Mice lacking receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) or the components of NF-kB signaling developed skin inflammation, which was driven by TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis. Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released from dying cells, are found in abundance in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases like Psoriasis.
1030 EGFR protects the upper hair follicle from staphylococcus driven folliculitis - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Targeted cancer therapy against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) leads to stereotypic epidermal adverse effects. Up to 90% of patients develop papulopustular eruptions within the first two weeks of treatment. This acneiform rash appears in the face and upper trunk of the patients, thereby severely reducing their quality of life. Moreover, a third of those patients develops additional folliculitis driven by bacterial entities such as Staphylococcus aureus, which bears a serious health threat for those immunocompromised.
1027 Effect of anandamide on human monocyte-derived langerhans cell function - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
The only professional antigen-presenting cells in the human epidermis are Langerhans cells (LC). They function as the first line of defense against pathogens but are also crucial for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. One of the most well-known endocannabinoids, anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide, AEA), is characterized by a general anti-inflammatory effect, as it reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in many immune cells, the strength of the humoral and cellular immune response.
1016 Human leukocyte antigen class II alleles, levels of expression of ORAI1 and STIM1 genes in blood in HIV/TB patients with primary skin pathologies and in a control group in Latvia - Journal of Investigative Dermatology
HIV-infected patients typically exhibit unusually dry skin, inflammatory or eczematous eruptions like primary skin pathologies (PSP). Such biomarkers as HLA class II alleles, ORAI1, STIM1 proteins may help to evaluate innate immunity and epidermal function defects in HIV patients with PSP. This study assessed the distribution of variants of HLA Class II alleles and expression levels of ORAI1 and STIM1 genes in blood between HIV/TB patients with PSP and a control group with no HIV/TB within the Latvian population.